Fig. 2

Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles. (a) FE SEM images of MPs and TMPs and particle-size analysis (scale bar = 250 nm). (b) Optical images and optical density results for MPs and TMPs. (c) The total phenol content of MPs and TMPs (*, significantly different from MPs, P < 0.05) (n = 3). (d) The calcium content of MPs and TMPs (*, significantly different from MPs, P < 0.05) (n = 3). (e) FT-IR and (f) EDS analyses of MPs and TMPs. (g) TEM images of MPs and TMPs (scale bar = 1 μm). XPS analysis of the (h) MPs and (i) TMPs for calcium and phosphate